Machine learning-based in-band OSNR estimation from optical spectra

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Measuring the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at certain network points is essential for failure handling, for single connection but also global network optimization. Estimating OSNR is inherently difficult in dense wavelength routed networks, where connections accumulate noise over different paths and tight filters do not allow the observation of the noise level at signal sides. We propose an in-band OSNR estimation process, which relies on a machine learning (ML) method, in particular on Gaussian process (GP) or support vector machine (SVM) regression. We acquired high-resolution optical spectra, through an experimental setup, using a Brillouin optical spectrum analyzer (BOSA), on which we applied our method and obtained excellent estimation accuracy. We also verified the accuracy of this approach for various resolution scenarios. To further validate it, we generated spectral data for different configurations and resolutions through simulations. This second validation confirmed the estimation quality of the proposed approach.The authors would like to thank Aragon Photonics Labs for providing the BOSA used for the experiments. This work was partially funded by the ONFIRE project supported by EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 765275Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Spectral processing techniques for efficient monitoring in optical networks

Having ubiquitous optical monitors in dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) or flex-grid networks allows the estimation in real time of crucial parameters. Such monitoring would be even more important in disaggregated optical networks, to inspect performance issues related to inter-vendor interoperability. Several important parameters can be retrieved using optical spectrum analyzers (OSAs). However, omnipresent OSAs represent an infeasible solution. Nevertheless, the advent of new, relatively cheap, compact and medium-resolution optical channel monitors (OCMs) enable a more intensive deployment of these devices. In this paper, we identify two main scenarios for the placement of such monitors: at the ingress and at the egress of the optical nodes. In the ingress scenario, we can directly estimate the parameters related to the signals, but not those related to the filters. On the contrary, in the egress scenario, the filter-related parameters can be easily detected, but not those related to amplified spontaneous emission. Therefore, we present two methods that, leveraging a curve fitting and a machine learning regression algorithm, allow detection of the missing parameters. We verify the proposed solutions with spectral data acquired in simulation and experimental setups. We obtained good estimation accuracy for both setups and for both studied placement scenarios. It is noteworthy that in the experimental assessment of the ingress scenario, we achieved a maximum absolute error (MAE) lower than 1 GHz in filter bandwidth estimation and a MAE lower than 0.5 GHz in filter frequency shift estimation. In addition, by comparing the relative errors of the considered parameters, we identified the ingress scenario as the more beneficial. In particular, we estimated the filter central frequency shift with 84% and the filter 6 dB bandwidth with 75% higher accuracy, with respect to datasheet/reference values. This translates into a total reduction of the estimated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) penalty, introduced by a single optical filter, of 0.24 dB.Funding: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (765275). This work is part of the Future Optical Networks for Innovation, Research and Experimentation (ONFIRE) project (https://h2020-onfire.eu), which is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Feedback-Based Channel Frequency Optimization in Superchannels

Superchannels leverage the flexibility of elastic optical networks and pave the way to higher capacity channels in space division multiplexing (SDM) networks. A superchannel consists of subchannels to which continuous spectral grid slots are assigned. To guarantee superchannel operation, we need to account for soft failures, e.g., laser drifts causing interference between subchannels, wavelength-dependent performance variations, and filter misalignments affecting the edge subchannels. This is achieved by reserving spectral guardband between subchannels or by employing a lower modulation format. We propose a process that dynamically retunes the subchannel transmitter (TX) lasers to compensate for soft failures during operation and optimizes the total capacity or the minimum subchannel quality of transmission (QoT) performance. We use an iterative stochastic subgradient method that at each iteration probes the network and leverages monitoring information, particularly subchannels signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values, to optimize the TX frequencies. Our results indicate that our proposed method always approaches the optima found with an exhaustive search technique, unsuitable for operating networks, irrespective of the subchannel number, modulation format, roll-off factor, filters bandwidth, and starting frequencies. Considering a four-subchannel superchannel, the proposed method achieves 2.47 dB and 3.73 dB improvements for a typical soft failure of +/- 2 GHz subchannel frequency drifts around the optimum, for the two examined objectives

Impact of Chirp in High-Capacity Optical Metro Networks Employing Directly-Modulated VCSELs

Directly modulated long-wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are considered for the implementation of sliceable bandwidth/bitrate variable transceivers for very high capacity transmission (higher than 50 Gb/s per wavelength) in metropolitan area systems characterized by reduced cost, power consumption, and footprint. The impact of the frequency chirp measured for InP VCSELs with different kinds of design (high-bandwidth very short cavity and widely-tunable with micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) top mirror) is analyzed in case of discrete multitone (DMT) direct modulation in combination with 25-GHz wavelength selective switch (WSS) filtering. The maximum transmitted capacity for both dual side- and single side-band DMT modulation is evaluated as a function of the number of crossed nodes in a mesh metro network, comparing VCSEL based transmitters performance also with the case of external electro-absorption modulator use. Finally, the maximum reach achieved based on the received optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) and the fiber span length is discussed. The results confirm the possibility to use directly-modulated long-wavelength VCSELs for the realization of sliceable bandwidth/bitrate variable transmitters targeting 50-Gb/s capacity per polarization, also in the presence of 5 crossed WSSs for reaches of hundreds of kilometers in multi-span Erbium-doped fiber amplified (EDFA) metro links supported by coherent detection

Characterization of Multi-Core Fiber Group Delay with Correlation OTDR and Modulation Phase Shift Methods

Using a Correlation-OTDR and a modulation phase shift method we characterized four multi-core fibers. The results show that the differential delay depends on the position of the core in the fiber and varies with temperature.Comment: This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 762055 (BlueSpace Project

Experimental Demonstration of a Programmable 400-Gbps DMT Transceiver with Policy-based Control

We propose a programmable 400-G discrete multi-tone (DMT) transceiver with policy-based control. We experimentally demonstrate the 400-G DMT transceiver enabling either capacity, distance, or energy efficiency priority in a four-node photonic mesh network

Recent Trends and Considerations for High Speed Data in Chips and System Interconnects

This paper discusses key issues related to the design of large processing volume chip architectures and high speed system interconnects. Design methodologies and techniques are discussed, where recent trends and considerations are highlighted

Taburan, kepelbagaian dan sepsis kelawar di tiga kawasan habitat vegetasi di hutan Sukau, Sandakan , Sabah

This research was carried out with the aim to record and compare information on the diversity, distribution and abundance of bat species at three different habitats of Sukau Rainforest. These were the primary forest, oil palm plantation and village area. Sampling was conducted for six days at each habitat using three mist net and a sweep net. A total of248 individuals of 15 species were caught in this study. Results showed that the village area has the highest bat diversity (H'=1.9) followed by primary forest (H'=I.4). The oil palm plantation area recorded the lowest diversity (H'=O.9). The presence of Sungai Kinabatangan nearby, the close proximity of Gua Keruak, the presence of human settlements and the mixed vegetation were identified to contribute to the high diversity at the village area. It was expected that the primary forest area has higher bat diversity as compared to the oil palm plantation area due to the abundance of food available for bats at this forest and the presence of undisturbed roosting sites. In contrast, the lower diversity recorded at the oil palm plantation was probably because of the less abundance of food available for bats particularly nocturnal insects which is the main diet of Microchiropterans. However, the occurrence of Megachiropterans was high at the oil palm plantation area which is probably because of the presence of oil palm fruits. It can be concluded from this study that there is a difference in terms of bat diversity and this maybe correlated with variation of the vegetations whereby suitability and availability of food and roosting sites play an important role

All-optical aggregation and distribution of traffic in large metropolitan area networks using multi-Tb/s S-BVTs

Current metropolitan area network architectures are based on a number of hierarchical levels that aggregate traffic toward the core at the IP layer. In this setting, routers are interconnected by means of fixed transceivers operating on a point-to-point basis where the rates of transceivers need to match. This implies a great deal of intermediate transceivers to collect traffic and groom and send it to the core. This paper proposes an alternative scheme based on sliceable bandwidth/bitrate variable transceivers (S-BVTs) where the slice-ability property is exploited to perform the aggregation of traffic from multiple edges �� -to-1 rather than 1-to-1. This approach can feature relevant cost reductions through IP offloading at intermediate transit nodes but requires viable optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) margins for all-optical transmission through the network. In this work, we prove through simulation the viability and applicability of this technique in large metro networks with a vertical-cavity-surface-emitting laser-based S-BVT design to target net capacities per channel of 25, 40, and 50 Gb/s. The study reveals that this technology can support most of the paths required for IP offloading after simulation in a semi-synthetic topology modeling a 20-million-inhabitant metropolitan area. Moreover, OSNR margins enable the use of protection paths (secondary disjoint paths) between the target node and the core much longer than primary paths in terms of both the number of intermediate hops and kilometers.European Union H2020 project PASSION, grant no. 780326 (http://www.passion-project.eu/)